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Neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts, antineutrinos, come in three “flavours” – muon, electron, and tau. They can spontaneously switch between these flavours in a phenomenon called neutrino oscillation. But they’re hard to catch in the act, because neutrinos only rarely interact with normal matter.

Now, the NOvA collaboration at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois has confirmed that antineutrinos oscillate, detecting muon antineutrinos morphing into electron antineutrinos with more certainty than we’ve ever had before.

If we could pin down how often neutrinos morph between these three types, and how that…