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The events surrounding the Big Bang were so cataclysmic that they left an indelible imprint on the fabric of the cosmos. We can detect these scars today by observing the oldest light in the Universe. As it was created nearly 14 billion years ago, this light ???????? which exists now as weak microwave radiation and is thus named the cosmic microwave background (CMB) ???????? has now expanded to permeate the entire cosmos, filling it with detectable photons. The CMB can be used to probe the cosmos via something known as the Sunyaev-Zel????????dovich (SZ) effect, which was first observed over 30 years ago. We detect the CMB here on Earth when its constituent microwave photons travel to us through space. On their journey to us, they can pass through galaxy clusters that contain high-energy electrons. These electrons give the photons a tiny boost of energy. Detecting these boosted photons through our telescopes is challenging but important ???????? they can help astronomers to understand some of the fundamental properties of the Universe, such as the location and distribution of dense galaxy clusters. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observed one of most massive known galaxy clusters, RX J1347.5????????1145, seen in this Picture of the Week, as part of the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). This observation of the cluster, 5 billion light-years from Earth, helped the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to study the cosmic microwave background using the thermal Sunyaev-Zel????????dovich effect. The observations made with ALMA are visible as the blue-purple hues. Links ESO Picture of the Week RX J1347.5????????1145 seen by Hubble only

This week鈥檚 new questions

At the Big Bang, matter formed when energy cooled enough for particles to form. But how was space formed? And sometimes a name I have forgotten pops into my head days later. Is my brain 鈥減rocessing鈥� my memories all that time?

Last Word

What is a smooth continuous curve with three axes of symmetry called?

Krakow, Poland - 4 May 2024: Large old antique medieval book written in Latin gothic font, colorful illuminations object closeup museum exhibit, Dominican monastery Old religious books concept; Shutterstock ID 2516551261; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other: -

How and why did complex languages like Latin develop? Part 2

Signs for the bus stations; Shutterstock ID 110688266; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other: -

This week鈥檚 new questions

Spaceman walks on the red planet Mars. Space Mission. Astronaut travel in space; Shutterstock ID 532139260; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other: -

Should we be thinking about genetic modifications for humans on Mars?

H3NTB2 Woman by giant trees in snow-covered forest, Sequoia National Park, California, USA

Why don鈥檛 trees rot in the ground, while wooden structures do?

Close up of a spinning globe on black; Shutterstock ID 22230961; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other: -

This week鈥檚 new questions

2DAC6P0 Sculpture 'Medics to the World' honouring the health care workers battling Covid-19

Are there good viruses? What would happen if all viruses disappeared?

S3W7DX Close up of the large nose and snout of a cow behind bars

Why do our nostrils point down, not straight out from our faces?

2FWP497 Liquid iron molten metal pouring from ladle container into mold, industrial metallurgical factory, foundry cast, heavy industry background.

This week鈥檚 new questions

Would it be possible to have an advanced technological society without abundant iron? And if there was a solar storm as strong at the Carrington event of 1859, would it knock out the electronics in planes so they couldn鈥檛 land safely?

How and why did grammatically complex languages such as Latin develop?

Why did some species survive the Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction?

This week鈥檚 new questions

If Earth was flat, how would gravity manifest?