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INSULIN is estimated to have saved the lives of over 5 million diabetics. It was discovered by Frederick Banting and his colleagues in Toronto in 1922, through experiments on dogs and rabbits. Cardiac surgery is only possible because of the heart-lung machine, which bypasses the blood circulation to the heart and allows it to be stopped. This apparatus was developed by John Gibbon in a series of experiments on dogs, conducted between 1937 and the first human open-heart operation in 1955. And although Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, he thought it was merely an antiseptic. It was not until…