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Researchers manipulated ChatGPT and five other commercial AI tools to create malicious code that could leak sensitive information from online databases, delete critical data or disrupt database cloud services in a first-of-its-kind demonstration.

The work has already led the companies responsible for some of the AI tools – including Baidu and OpenAI – to implement changes to prevent malicious users from taking advantage of the vulnerabilities.

“It’s the very first study to demonstrate that vulnerabilities of large language models in general can be exploited as an attack path to online commercial applications,” says , who co-led the study while at the University of Sheffield in the UK.

Peng and his colleagues looked at six AI services that can translate human questions into the SQL programming language, which is commonly used to query computer databases. “Text-to-SQL” systems that rely on AI have become increasingly popular – even standalone AI chatbots, such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT, can generate SQL code that can be plugged into such databases.

The researchers showed how this AI-generated code can be made to include instructions to leak database information, which could open the door to future cyberattacks. It could also purge system databases that store authorised user profiles, including names and passwords, and overwhelm the cloud servers hosting the databases through a denial-of-service attack. Peng and his colleagues presented their work at the 34th on 10 October in Florence, Italy.

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Their tests with OpenAI’s ChatGPT back in February 2023 revealed the standalone AI chatbot could generate SQL code that damaged databases. Even someone using ChatGPT to generate code in order to query a database for an innocent purpose – such as a nurse interacting with clinical records stored in a healthcare system database – might actually be given harmful SQL code that damaged the database.

“The code generated from these tools may be dangerous, but these tools may not even warn the user,” says Peng.

The researchers disclosed their findings to OpenAI. Their follow-up testing suggests that OpenAI has now updated ChatGPT to shut down the text-to-SQL issues.

Another demonstration showed similar vulnerabilities in Baidu-UNIT, an intelligent dialogue platform offered by the Chinese tech giant Baidu that automatically converts client requests written in Chinese into SQL queries for Baidu’s cloud service. After the researchers sent a disclosure report with their testing results to Baidu in November 2022, the company gave them a financial reward for finding the weaknesses and patched the system by February 2023.

But unlike ChatGPT and other AIs that rely on large language models – which can perform new tasks without much or any prior training – Baidu’s AI-powered service leans more heavily on prewritten rules to carry out its text-to-SQL conversions.

Text-to-SQL systems based on large language models seem to be more easily manipulated into creating malicious code than older AIs that rely on prewritten rules, says Peng. But he still sees promise in using large language models for helping humans query databases, even if he describes the security risks as having “long been underrated before our study”.

Neither OpenAI nor Baidu responded to a New Ů��С��Ƶ request for comment on the research.