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A female Asian elephant at the Bronx Zoo isn’t legally considered a person, the New York Court of Appeals .

Happy has been embroiled in a years-long battle between animal rights activists and the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Bronx Zoo over the legality of her confinement. Here is everything you need to know about the case.

Who is Happy?

Happy has been a resident of the Bronx Zoo in New York for more than 45 years. The elephant, now in her 50s, was captured in the wild in Asia as a baby and relocated to the zoo as a youngster.

She initially shared an enclosure with other elephants until their social differences proved unsafe. For the past 10 years, Happy has lived in a roughly 0-4 hectare enclosure and has limited contact with the zoo’s other remaining pachyderms.

Why is there a court case about her?

The animal advocacy group Nonhuman Rights Project argues that highly intelligent animals like Happy should have some of the same legal rights as people.

In 2018, the group asserted that Happy’s confinement at the zoo violated the legal principle of , a right guaranteed by the US Constitution that prevents a person’s unlawful and indefinite imprisonment. The group argued that the same right should be extended to Happy and that she should be moved to a sanctuary.

The Bronx Zoo says that Happy shows all signs of being a well-cared-for elephant and that the animal welfare organisation is using her as a pawn to advance its own agenda.

“They are not ‘freeing’ Happy as they purport, but arbitrarily demanding that she be uprooted from her home and transferred to another facility where they would prefer to see her live,” the zoo wrote in a last month. “Their concern is winning a legal argument, not what is best for Happy.”

What is the evidence behind the case?

The case for Happy’s personhood rests on her impressive cognitive abilities.

In 2005, Happy became the first elephant to pass the mirror self-recognition test, where she observed her reflection and used her trunk to touch an X marked on her forehead. The ability is touted as an example of self-awareness, as only a few species, including , have passed this test before.

“While no one disputes the impressive capabilities of elephants, we reject petitioner’s arguments that it is entitled to seek the remedy of habeas corpus on Happy’s behalf,” the chief judge of the recent ruling, Janet DiFiore, wrote in a . “Habeas corpus is a procedural vehicle intended to secure the liberty rights of human beings who are unlawfully restrained, not nonhuman animals.”

The zoo also notes that Happy has bonded closely with her caretakers and requires specific medical care that would be challenging to maintain in a sanctuary setting.

Are there other animal personhood cases?

A 2014 decision by the Supreme Court of India extended some personhood rights to animals, including dignity and intrinsic value of life.

The following year, an Argentinian court ruled in favour of a habeas corpus case for a . Sandra was the first ape to be deemed a “non-human person” and was afforded some of the same legal rights as people, though the ruling was later overturned. She was then relocated to a sanctuary in the US.

What will happen next?

Happy will stay at the Bronx Zoo for the foreseeable future, but the debate about personhood rights for animals isn’t over. As researchers learn more about animals’ emotions and abilities, animal welfare organisations may be inclined to take on more habeas corpus cases for highly intelligent species.