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Climate change may make the male dragonflies of North America less colourful – which might also make them less sexually attractive to females.

at the Living Earth Collaborative and Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri, and his colleagues examined hundreds of thousands of records of dragonflies representing 319 North American species and compared them with the animals’ home climates. They found that the cooler the region, the darker and more elaborate the wing colouration on males of each species.

The team then focused on 10 dragonfly species with a particularly wide geographical range across North America, and examined 2700 photographs of these species uploaded to the community science platform. This revealed that, even within each dragonfly species, males had wings that were less colourful in warmer climates.

This makes sense, because colourful wings absorb more sunlight – and become warmer – than colourless wings. In fact, coloured patterns can raise wing temperatures more than 2°C, damaging wing tissue, which can even lead to death by overheating.

It also suggests that, as the climate warms, male dragonflies might stand a better chance of surviving if they have less colourful wings.

“It’s very likely that dragonflies will lose a moderate amount of their wing colouration as they adapt to warmer temperatures associated with climate change,” says Moore. “It becomes a cost-benefit question.”

Finally, the team took a closer look at how the 10 focus species have changed in the recent past. This revealed that male dragonflies photographed between 2005 and 2019 tended to have less colourful wings in warmer years and more colourful wings in cooler years. The implication is that, when it is hotter, only the less colourful male dragonflies survive.

Female dragonflies have colourful wings too, but they are less likely to lose their colour in hotter years. This may be because females prefer to hide in the shade while males fly in the sunlight.

It suggests the dragonflies may face problems in future. If colourful females find the blander males less attractive, they may refuse to mate with them, says Moore. Worse, females might begin struggling to recognise males of their own species, and may start mating with males from another species by mistake.

“That happens sometimes already, and the offspring don’t do very well, so that would be a pretty detrimental consequence,” says Moore.