White sand circles picked out by the sun in sparkling blue seas are the first signs that my plane has arrived at the Maldives, a tropical paradise spread over almost 1200 islands.

Unfortunately, the nation is facing a rise in sea levels and the bleaching of its coral reefs 鈥� perils that made it a poster child for the consequences of climate change.

It gained publicity for the plan announced by former president Mohamed Nasheed in 2008 to purchase land elsewhere so the population could relocate should sea level rise make the islands uninhabitable.

But the mood has changed here recently. The new government, under president Abdulla Yameen, no longer seeks land to buy, but is instead determined for the nation to stay put and resist the rising seas with geoengineering projects.

The key to the new strategy is renting out islands and using the money to reclaim, fortify and even build new islands. People living on smaller lower-lying islands could then be relocated to more flood-resistant islands when needed.

City of Hope

One of those is the City of Hope being built on an artificial island called Hulhumale, near the capital Male. To build it, a state-owned company is pumping sand from surrounding atolls and depositing it on shallow reefs that surround the original lagoon. It is being fortified with walls 3 metres above sea level 鈥� which is higher than the highest natural island at only 2.5 metres above the sea.

Much of the island still looks like a construction site with mountains of sand piled up, but, according to the shiny plastic model I am shown, when finished in 2023 it will be able to accommodate about 130,000 people.

Eight such islands have already been built, and three more are planned.

Reclaiming islands is the real solution to challenges thrown up by climate change, not leaving the country, says Shiham Adam, director of the Maldives Marine Research Centre.

鈥淒evelopment and reclaiming of islands are necessary. People must have land to live on and they must have jobs,鈥� says Adam. 鈥淚t is possible to reclaim any island. We have seen that it takes just four weeks to reclaim about 24 hectares of land.鈥�

鈥淎ll you have to do is bring the dredgers, suck sand and pump it on the low-lying land in shallow waters,鈥� Adam says. 鈥淚t takes four weeks to build the island and a couple more to put boulders around to stabilise it. To survive we just need money.鈥�

Islands for hire

In line with this grand scheme, the Maldives government is in the final stages of negotiation with Saudi Arabia to lease Faafu Atoll, consisting of 23 islands, for development for 99 years.

It could get 鈥� more than three times the 听GDP of the Maldives 鈥� from the deal, but will need to relocate about 4000 people. Although the islands鈥� population has been offered homes for free in bigger towns, some are still protesting the plan. Government officials told me that no one will be relocated against their wish.

Saudi Arabia is seeking to secure its oil trade routes to China, which recently became dangerous due to widespread piracy, by establishing a big base en route in the Maldives. It is expected that the Saudis would also develop the atoll for projects in tourism and maritime commerce.

The Maldives government is also planning for 50 more tourist resorts to be opened by 2018. 鈥淭ourism with resorts acting as natural reserves can be the saviours of the Maldives,鈥� says Adam.

Leaders of two NGOs I meet here aren鈥檛 against reclaiming islands, but they argue for a slower and more environmentally sensitive pace.

Natural growth

Hassan Ahmed of also points out that coral islands can grow naturally. Recent studies showed that this can happen with rising seas, he says.

in the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu, published in 2014, showed that monsoon winds and storms that break up coral and deposit sand on the atolls can help the islands grow naturally.

Whether this works for coral atolls elsewhere in the world is unknown, but the study鈥檚 author, Paul Kench at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and his colleagues, say that the Maldives seem to be showing a similar effect.

鈥淪atellite pictures and Google Earth show that some islands are growing, while others are shrinking,鈥� Ahmed says.

One reason for shrinking is damage from shipping. 鈥淚t seems that those that were damaged by explosions meant for clearing the way for boats through the reefs are losing the sand,鈥� says Ahmed. 鈥淚t is carried by storms, waves and streams to the deep waters. You can see it when diving.鈥�

鈥淭his invasive process should be avoided as much as possible,鈥� he says. 鈥淧aths can be cleared in much less damaging ways by chiselling, and islands should be reclaimed only when absolutely necessary.鈥�

Coral graveyards

Another problem with reclamation is that by pumping sand onto the reefs, surrounding corals gradually become covered too and die out. This adds to the pressure they are already experiencing from warmer waters that make them bleach and sometimes die.

Last year, more than 60 per cent of the corals in this region experienced bleaching because of the effect of the El Ni帽o weather phenomenon, and they may take a decade to recover.

When I go for a dive in the beautiful turquoise shallows I am welcomed by graveyards of pale, colourless skeletons. To my untrained eyes this looks beautiful.

New visitors don鈥檛 know how beautiful coral reefs were prior to bleaching, says Axel Jarosch, general manager of Banyan Tree hotel on Vabbinfaru Island, who is involved in an experimental programme to revive corals by seeding them with healthy polyps. 鈥淭hey like them even when bleached and white,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hey have nothing to compare with.鈥�

Ahmed, meanwhile, organised the relocation of some of the corals that became threatened during the reclamation of Hulhumale. He thinks this should be a standard procedure in all similar projects.

Sustainable approach

Shaahina Ali from Biodiversity Education and Awareness, which organises the cleaning of uninhabited islands, also argues for a more sustainable approach.

鈥淲e understand the need for reclamation of some islands,鈥� Ali says. 鈥淏ut the government should take care that it is done with as little damage as possible in accord with strict environmentally friendly projects.鈥�

As I leave the islands I am left overwhelmed by conflicting impressions and wondering what the future really holds for the Maldives. Stunning white beaches and colourful tropical fish, sea turtles and sharks contrast sharply with fields of dead, bleached coral, island building sites and a huge amount of plastic waste on the beaches.

鈥淲hen we were young, plastic bottles on beaches were rare. We used them as toys,鈥� says Ali. 鈥淏ut with the massive use of plastic and the rapid change of lifestyle, the beaches of our uninhabited islands that are not cleaned regularly began to look like dump yards.鈥�

Whether the new policy developments and drive to reclaim the islands leave the land here even more exposed to the sea remains to be seen.

Nenad Jari膰 Dauenhauer鈥檚 trip was paid for by the Maldives government

A voracious warty comb jelly that infamously devastated Black Sea fisheries is now thriving 听in the coastal areas of the northern Adriatic.

The arrival of these invasive animals in the Adriatic was first noted in 2005. But this year huge swarms have been spotted and photographed along the coast of northern Croatia, and the coasts of Slovenia and Italy, as far south as Pesaro. Since July the jellies have literally filled lagoons in northern Italy.

鈥淭his is the first time that this species has existed in such masses in the Adriatic,鈥� says Valentina Tirelli at the National Institute of Oceanography and Geophysics in Trieste, Italy.

鈥淎t certain points, population densities were estimated to be up to 500 specimens per square metre,鈥� says Davor Lu膷i膰 at the Institute for Marine and Coastal Research in Dubrovnik, Croatia. 鈥淓stimates were made for the adults only, but we assume that there were significantly higher numbers of juveniles.鈥�

Though not dangerous to humans, scientists are alarmed by the new boom in Mnemiopsis leidyi because it has already devastated fish stocks in the Black Sea. It is one of the best-documented alien invaders, arriving in oil tanker ballast water from the American Atlantic in 1982.

Rapid spread

With no natural enemies, the comb jelly spreads at an alarming rate, feeding on zooplankton, the food choice of commercially important fish, as well as their eggs and larvae.

By the mid-1990s it had cost the seafood industry billions of euros and spread to the neighbouring Sea of Azov. Now it has arrived in the Caspian and Baltic Seas, as well as the Adriatic.

女生小视频s say that Mnemiopsis probably reached the Adriatic via ballast waters 鈥� something a new international treaty that comes into force next year should hopefully prevent in the future. The ship traffic in the Adriatic is growing, and some of the largest ports, such as Trieste, Koper, and Rijeka, are all in the north.

鈥淭he 2005 introduction presumably originated from the Black Sea; there were direct connections between North Adriatic and the Black Sea ports,鈥� says Alenka Malej at the National Institute of Biology in Piran, Slovenia. 鈥淭his year a different lineage, better adapted to the Adriatic, could have been introduced.鈥�

Though the situation is serious, scientists believe that the Adriatic invasion may not be as devastating as the Black Sea one.

The northern Adriatic is more open with a faster exchange of waters, and is less polluted and more diverse, making it more resilient to alien species.

But the comb jellies must be carefully monitored. Mnemiopsis is a voracious predator, it cuts the food supply for other predators, triggering changes in abundance, species diversity and ecosystem functioning all the way down to bacteria and viruses. Most importantly it appeared in large masses during the spawning season of anchovies, one of the most important commercial fish in the region.

The main natural enemy of Mnemiopsis is another comb jelly Beroe ctenophore, also an alien in the Adriatic, and there is some hope that one alien may now feed off another, more devastating one.

Read more: Jellymageddon: Can we stop the rise of the jellyfish?

听

Going viral is a good thing. Viral infections can help some plants attract more pollinators and produce more seeds, essentially boosting 鈥� rather than hurting 鈥� their evolutionary fitness, a new study has found.

Plants are known to emit volatile chemicals that deter herbivores听or attract pollinators or seed dispersers. Some viruses can change those volatiles to attract insects, such as aphids, that damage plants but help transmit the virus between them.

Now, a team of researchers lead by John Carr from the University of Cambridge has shown in greenhouse experiments that a cucumber mosaic virus can change the types and amounts of chemicals emitted by an infected tomato plant, so that it attracts more bumblebees to pollinate it. As a result, the plants in their experiments produced more seeds.

Without pollination, the virus affected the plants negatively, decreasing their seed production, compared with non-infected plants. But when bumblebees were present, it had the opposite effect.

When the researchers then modelled what would happen under natural conditions, they found that such viruses could indeed enhance plant attractiveness to pollinators enough to make up for loss of fitness due to infection.

This means that the benefits of the virus could outweigh the drawbacks, allowing genes for susceptibility to persist in plant populations.

鈥淭o my knowledge, this is the first evidence that virus infection can make plants more attractive to pollinators,鈥� says Carr.

The team can鈥檛 yet say how or why this process initially evolved. But they think that this is a case of mutualism, useful for all involved, including the bumblebees.

鈥淰iruses reprogram plant metabolism and we can speculate that by chance this resulted in some beneficial changes for bees,鈥� says Carr.

Infection protection

Although viruses can cause disease and crop losses in cultivated plants, 鈥渢here is a growing realisation among plant virologists that in the wild, virus infection may be beneficial,鈥� says Carr.

For example, his team has previously found that a protein made by the cucumber mosaic virus made infected Arabidopsis plants resistant to drought.

鈥淭he ability of cucumber mosaic virus to induce drought tolerance enhances the survival of its host and therefore of the virus itself during periods of environmental stress,鈥� says Carr. 鈥淚ndeed, under drought conditions, resistant plants may be at a disadvantage compared with infected ones.鈥�

Carr thinks that this phenomenon could now be exploited to boost pollination of crops. 鈥淲e can learn from the effects of the virus on pollinators,鈥� he says. 鈥淯nderstanding how these volatile chemicals attract bees could be used to increase crop yields.鈥�

John Walsh from the University of Warwick, UK, is intrigued by the findings. 鈥淭his is the first evidence of this phenomenon. Such interactions, brought about by co-evolution between the three species 鈥� plant, insect and virus 鈥� are likely to be very important and need further research.鈥�

Journal reference: PLOS Pathogens, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005790

Read more: Root intelligence: Plants can think, feel and learn; Plants have evolved forgetfulness to wipe out memory of stress; Plight of the bumblebee: Scruffy pollinator in peril