Hoods up, torches lit, knives sharpened: viewers across the UK are ready for another delicious finale of The Traitors this evening, the TV game show where contestants try to uncloak the ruthless (not strictly real) murderers who walk among them.

For psychologists 鈥� professional and armchair alike 鈥� The Traitors is a goldmine of devious human behaviour to pick apart and analyse. And it isn鈥檛 just psychology. Game theory, human evolution and criminology are just some of the scientific fields that offer clues about the show鈥檚 Machiavellian dynamics.

We surveyed experts in treachery (academically speaking鈥�) to find out what it truly takes to win The Traitors. Warning: spoilers ahead if you aren鈥檛 up to date with the show.

Watch out for conformity bias

鈥淗aving a strong characteristic seems to be something that other people notice as being influential and potentially threatening,鈥� says forensic psychologist , who hosts a about The Traitors with colleagues from the University of Chester, UK. She singles out contestants like Yin (too intelligent), Elen (too emotional) and Armani (too confident).

Their downfalls are likely to have been linked to , the trait in humans that makes most of us conform to social norms. Individuals who don鈥檛 conform may be disliked or distrusted.

This isn鈥檛 the place for altruism

, an evolutionary anthropologist at University College London, says players should keep in mind that 鈥渋n evolutionary literature, altruism doesn鈥檛 really exist鈥�.

鈥淩emember, it鈥檚 not a cooperation game,鈥� she says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a game of deception, a survival game. You need to be there at the end to win. That鈥檚 a mistake some players make because they鈥檙e too trusting of the people they鈥檙e close to.鈥�

Emmott says that we evolved to help ourselves ahead of others, so any altruistic behaviour seen on the show has a selfish benefit behind it. And such apparent altruism isn鈥檛 a bad tactic, whether you鈥檙e a faithful or a traitor.

鈥淚n the game context, being cooperative serves as a signal of trustworthiness. A good example might be overtly not going for the shield [which protects you from the next murder] during the show鈥檚 tasks.鈥�

But here鈥檚 where Machiavellian intelligence comes in 鈥� because everyone knows the rules of the game, a good player won鈥檛 take altruistic behaviour at face value. 鈥淚n this game, it鈥檚 not an honest signal because there could be ulterior motives to you cooperating,鈥� says Emmott.

So watch out for the nice guys. An between players in Diplomacy, a game that shares similarities with The Traitors, found that players who were excessively polite were more likely to betray others.

Beware of in-group bias

鈥淲e know from social psychology that when people form social groups, they have what鈥檚 called an , and this can be really accelerated in The Traitors,鈥� says Wright. 鈥淸Contestants] display preferential behaviour to people who are in that group with them.鈥� This is why it all went wrong for Minah after recruiting Charlotte as a traitor.

For Minah, who always recruited female traitors, her group was the so-called sisterhood she created. 鈥淪he very much identified it as a sisterhood, she used the word a lot,鈥� says Wright. 鈥淭he problem was, Charlotte already had a strong group identity with the faithfuls. So when she was recruited, kind of against her will, she didn鈥檛 have any allegiance to the new group.鈥�

And what happened? Charlotte double-crossed Minah immediately, and Minah was voted out on the next night.

Wright says the same in-group bias can lead to a herd mentality when players are voting, and an illogical trust in people within the game.

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What makes a good liar?

Nervous or incoherent answers to questions are generally regarded with suspicion, even if someone is telling the truth. That鈥檚 because those behaviours are tied to stereotypes about what people think liars do. A better giveaway is people who always say the same thing, says , a psychologist and criminologist at the University of Manchester, UK.

鈥淥ne thing to look out for is someone who always tells the same story in exactly the same way and doesn鈥檛 really elaborate when they retell it,鈥� she says. A story might sound plausible, but when we repeat it we usually add details as we remember them. 鈥淧eople sometimes mistake consistency for honesty. But that鈥檚 not how recall works in genuine memories.鈥�

Think like a scientist

鈥淎 mark of a good detective is a high tolerance of ambiguity. They won鈥檛 come to a conclusion quickly,鈥� says Barrett. It鈥檚 similar to thinking like a scientist: 鈥淵ou might have a plausible hypothesis about something. Then you鈥檒l ask yourself about the assumptions you鈥檙e making and the gaps in your understanding. You have to actively look for evidence that disconfirms the hypothesis you鈥檙e generating.鈥�

Faithfuls aren鈥檛 very good at that on The Traitors, but another tactic they could use is to encourage a suspected traitor to talk more than they鈥檇 like to. It鈥檚 about giving them enough rope to hang themselves with, says Barrett.

鈥淚f you鈥檙e a faithful, a good strategy to detect a traitor is to subtly encourage them to talk,鈥� she says. 鈥淔or instance, if you were a police officer and you wanted to know if someone had given you a false address, one question you might ask is, 鈥極h, how do you get there, what鈥檚 your nearest station?'鈥�

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If in doubt, try game theory?

An uninformed majority will always lose to a fully informed minority. It was on this basis that Russian psychologist Dimitry Davidoff created Mafia 鈥� the parlour game on which The Traitors is based 鈥� in the 1980s. Since then, Mafia has been used as the basis of many game theory experiments and models.

The good news is that Davidoff wasn鈥檛 quite right. He believed that the faithfuls鈥� probability of outing the bad guys is no better than chance. But many of the that model the game find that the chances of victory are roughly equal 鈥� and even tipped in favour of the faithful in live games, possibly because of the weight of the lies that traitors have to tell.

In other words, forget cold mathematics. If you really want to win The Traitors, you simply have to be more devious than everyone else.

Creatine is one of the most widely studied performance-enhancing substances in the world. Once dismissed as just a bodybuilding supplement, its public popularity has grown hand-in-hand with interest from scientists.

The supplement is generally associated with improved strength and muscle mass, but evidence suggests that it actually has a role in everything from and adolescents to brain health.

鈥淎fter 20 [to] 30 years of research on physical performance, we鈥檝e noticed a lot of health benefits,鈥� says at Texas A&M University. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a remarkable nutrient, which helps our cells in a variety of ways, not only for exercise performance.鈥�

What is creatine?

It is a compound that is produced naturally in our bodies and those of other vertebrates. Primarily found in muscles, it also shows up in the brain, blood, testicles and other tissues and organs.

Our bodies synthesise creatine, with 1 to 2 grams created each day by the liver, kidneys, pancreas and the brain. People who eat protein-rich animal products get roughly the same amount from their diet.

鈥淎ny time you consume protein, those proteins are made up of amino acids, and if you put three particular amino acids together, it forms this molecule called creatine,鈥� says at Brandon University in Canada.

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What does creatine do in the body?

It plays a critical role in the complicated way that our bodies produce energy at the cellular level, says Forbes. 鈥淚t鈥檚 converted and stored into a molecule called phosphocreatine, which can then be broken down into energy rapidly.鈥�

Like carbohydrates, creatine is used to , which stores and supplies energy to our cells. It also seems to protect the structure and , the energy powerhouses inside cells.

Forbes says creatine is particularly useful when you are stressed or if your tissues are lacking oxygen, which can be brought on by conditions such as asthma or anaemia. 鈥淎ny situation when you might require more energy,鈥� he says.

How does it affect physical performance?

Creatine has been available as a sports supplement , and has long been credited for helping athletes increase their strength and speed.

There are thousands of studies to support this, says Kreider. 鈥淎n athlete that has higher creatine stores will sprint faster, recover faster, do more total work 鈥� a 10 to 15 per cent improvement in performance and training adaptation. It鈥檚 not modest at all.鈥�

Supplementing with creatine also leads to rapid , which is why it is popular among bodybuilders. 鈥淲e have shown that trained athletes can have as high as a 3.5-kilogram increase in muscle mass within a 5 to 10 week period,鈥� says Kreider. 鈥淭hat is profound. Compare it to a control, where somebody is just training and having a normal diet, you may gain half a kilogram per month.鈥�

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Creatine supplements may also be particularly beneficial later in life. 鈥淲e recommend creatine for active ageing to reduce the decline in muscle [and] to maintain muscle performance,鈥� says Kreider.

But researchers stress that this isn鈥檛 an elixir that can replace a healthy lifestyle. 鈥淵ou only really get the benefits, particularly from a muscle-growth perspective, if you combine it with exercise or resistance training,鈥� says Forbes.

How does creatine affect the brain?

A number of papers have shown that creatine supplementation can improve aspects of cognitive performance. One small study published earlier this year found that a single dose of creatine and processing speed within 3 hours in sleep-deprived people, compared with a placebo.

But not all research has produced consistent results. In 2023, the largest randomised placebo-controlled study of creatine鈥檚 effects on cognition to date found only , equivalent to a 1 to 2.5 point increase in intelligence quotient (IQ) .

鈥淢ost of the research shows that it might impact your brain, but in young, healthy individuals, it doesn鈥檛 seem to play a big, big role unless your brain is stressed with sleep deprivation or mental fatigue,鈥� says Forbes.

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And while the research on this is still in its infancy, there may also be a protective effect against neurodegenerative conditions 鈥� for instance, people with Alzheimer鈥檚 have in their brains 鈥� or even physical brain damage.

鈥淔or example, if you get a concussion, you basically have an ischemic event: lack of oxygen to an area of the brain that limits its ability to function and causes swelling and inflammation,鈥� says Kreider. 鈥淲e know, at least in animals fed on creatine, the concussion damage is reduced by about half.鈥�

How does creatine impact our wider health?

Creatine works at the cellular level, so researchers believe that its positive effects could be widespread in the body. 鈥淲e鈥檙e finding that increasing the energy availability in the cell is critical, especially when there鈥檚 a lot of limitations in providing energy,鈥� says Kreider. 鈥淚f you have a heart attack or stroke, for example, [creatine] reduces the size of the damage because it鈥檚 protecting those cells.鈥�

An analysis of data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey also suggests that creatine could be . 鈥淜ids that grow up with less creatine in their diet have less muscle, they鈥檙e shorter and they have a higher body fat,鈥� says Kreider. 鈥淎dolescent girls who have higher creatine have fewer menstrual cycle issues.鈥�

He also points to studies that support the effects of creatine in , reducing levels of and managing , although reviews of multiple studies on the latter show inconsistent results for .

Who should take it?

An emerging consensus among scientists is that creatine supplementation is beneficial for pretty much everyone. Kreider predicts that, in time, this will be recommended for certain groups, including older or pregnant people, and anyone who doesn鈥檛 eat meat, fish or dairy.

He also thinks certain food will one day be fortified with creatine. 鈥淚t鈥檚 going to start in the plant-based space, adding creatine to plant-based protein powders and veggie burgers, those types of things,鈥� says Kreider. 鈥淭hat would offset the deficiency they may have in their diet.鈥�

Does it matter when I take creatine?

The time of day may only matter if you are an athlete trying to win a race or beat your personal best. 鈥淲e know that if you take it in close proximity to your training, the results are a little bit better,鈥� says Forbes.

But creatine is also stored in the body as an energy reserve. 鈥淭hink about endurance athletes where there鈥檚 changes in pace in a race,鈥� says Forbes. 鈥淪uddenly somebody breaks away and you鈥檙e like, 鈥榳hoa, how鈥檇 they do that?鈥� Well, they changed their power output quite substantially and I think creatine plays a role in that.鈥�

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The effects of supplementation can be relatively long lasting, but it still needs repeating. 鈥淚f you stop taking creatine, it takes four to six weeks to return back to baseline,鈥� says Forbes. 鈥淪ome people will cycle on and off creatine, but there鈥檚 never been a study to compare cycling on and off versus just taking it for long periods of time.鈥�

How should I take it?

Creatine is available in powder form, pills or gummies. In terms of efficacy, there doesn鈥檛 seem to be any difference between them, although pills and powders have been around for longer so tend to be the formulations that are tested in studies.

There are also different types of creatine available, but creatine monohydrate is the most widely available and the best studied.

Does creatine have any side effects?

The supplements are generally considered safe at the doses most people take them, which is around 5 grams a day, according to Forbes. But some people report dehydration or muscle cramps. 鈥淭here are a few people that have GI [gastrointestinal] distress,鈥� says Forbes. 鈥淭hey take creatine and it just doesn鈥檛 sit well in their stomachs. For those individuals, I suggest taking a lower dose of creatine.鈥�

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You may need to consult a doctor before taking supplements

On the glittering Red Sea coast, there鈥檚 a luxury tourist destination that has it all: white sands, impeccable accommodation, world-class yachting and 鈥� perhaps surprisingly 鈥� a cutting-edge laboratory that鈥檚 protecting coral reefs from climate change.

AMAALA is designed to be a new kind of sustainable destination. It鈥檚 not finished yet (the first guests will arrive in 2025) but the destination is one of the first by Red Sea Global (RSG), a Saudi Arabian developer whose ambition is to redefine what regenerative tourism can do.

Run with 100% renewable energy, AMAALA is one of two carbon neutral luxury destinations that RSG operates (the other, called The Red Sea, is also in Saudi Arabia). They鈥檙e test beds for sustainable development and hubs for new technology and ecological research.

鈥淐orals cover less than 1% of the Earth鈥檚 surface but sustain 25% of all marine life鈥�

With two hotels already open and four more welcoming guests this year, RSG is building mangrove nurseries and experimenting with carbon negative concrete. But arguably its most ambitious project is to protect and regenerate corals, which are under extreme pressure from warming temperatures, in the Red Sea and beyond.

鈥淐orals cover less than 1% of the Earth鈥檚 surface but sustain 25% of all marine life,鈥� says John Pagano, Group CEO of RSG. 鈥淭o protect and enhance the coral reefs under our guardianship we are using advanced technologies, such as remote operated vehicles and machine learning, to monitor coral cover. These innovations can produce 3-D images and automatically analyse these images, enabling our scientists to quickly identify and respond to threats like coral bleaching and invasive species.鈥�

RSG researchers have also created offshore coral nurseries to help sustain and grow rescued corals, while a coral nursery on dry land could supercharge the speed at which new coral can be nurtured.

The work forms RSG鈥檚 鈥榗oral commitment鈥�, announced at COP28 in Dubai last year. There, it signed a letter of intent with the Coral Research & Development Accelerator Platform (CORDAP), a body set up by the G20 to fast-track research into new solutions to save the world鈥檚 coral from our rapidly changing climate.

The company鈥檚 scientists have already enjoyed some success. They are monitoring around 300 reef sites in the Red Sea, deploying advanced technology like robotic submersibles to photograph the corals. The 3D images they produce are then stitched into vast digital panoramas of the reef sites.

鈥淲e have the processing capability to create 3D models and have our AI analyse these models,鈥� says Dr Jess Bouwmeester, associate director of marine enhancement at RSG. 鈥淚t means we have real quantitative data from every image collection that we鈥檙e doing. We鈥檙e working in patches of 5x20m and collecting these mini digital twins from over 100 reefs in the area. The data we get from the AI analysis then allows us to monitor our coral reefs over time with high resolution.鈥�

The technology allows Bouwmeester and her colleagues to quickly identify signs that the coral is struggling to adapt to warmer temperatures, after which the health of the affected corals might need to be closely monitored and the reef potentially supplemented with new corals.

This is where RSG鈥檚 Coral Gardening Pilot Project comes in. Beginning in 2021, researchers established offshore floating nurseries to nurture and regrow rescued corals. The pilot achieved a 97% survival rate.

The nurseries are suspended from floating platforms, allowing researchers to provide the optimum conditions for coral to grow, while also minimising threats. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e sheltered from predators, they鈥檝e got good water conditions, and they are protected from sedimentation,鈥� says Bouwmeester. 鈥淎nd because we have accelerated growth, we can transfer anything that grows above the normal rate to the reef or to artificial substrates to enhance our coral cover.鈥�

Bouwmeester can also adjust the depth of the floating nurseries, lowering them into deeper water or raising them to shallower depths, which allows her team to control temperature and light conditions for the corals.

鈥淎 good example of that came last summer when we had a temperature stress event,鈥� she says. With global sea temperatures higher than usual due to climate change, coral bleaching was reported all over the world. Bouwmeester and her team were able to shade their corals beneath the floating platforms, decreasing added stress from full sun exposure, which reduced stress and kept them healthier 鈥� but they are also developing an onshore coral nursery and breeding programme, to have the option to boost the natural coral reefs if, in the future, the recovery from a bleaching event is low.

鈥淲e think of the land-based nurseries as a back-up system for the natural life cycle out in the lagoon,鈥� says HH Princess Shaikha Al Saud, a marine conservationist on the team. 鈥淚f there鈥檚 an issue with the reproductive cycle or a major stress event, we still have really good stock to rely on.鈥�

The breeding programme helps scientists enhance corals and maintain genetic diversity, which can be an issue after mass bleaching events, Princess Shaikha says, but it also helps them address another issue: corals鈥� narrow reproductive window.

鈥淭hey will spend between six and nine months developing their eggs and sperm for everything to be released over just two hours a year. That鈥檚 it,鈥� Bouwmeester says. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 your only reproductive window.鈥�

That window usually begins around 10pm in the Red Sea, making it even harder for researchers and conservationists to study. So, to make it easier, Bouwmeester intends to play a trick on mother nature.

鈥淲e鈥檙e going to have four different systems where we trick the corals with the temperature cycles and the light cycles,鈥� she says. 鈥淚f I can trick the corals to think it鈥檚 night during the daytime and day during the nighttime, I can get them to spawn at 11am, a time that works much better for me because I will be awake and have a functioning brain.鈥�

In the future, Bouwmeester will also get different corals to think it鈥檚 spawning time at different times of the year. 鈥淪o now my team and I can do four spawning events per year, not just one.鈥�

With time, she says this could mean an exponential increase in the number of new corals grown to increase coral cover, by replacing lost colonies or boosting the coral community.

鈥淚f there was another bleaching event or a temperature stress event we would be able to release our swimming larvae to a reef and supplement what is going on in the wild,鈥滲ouwmeester says. 鈥淲e can also keep our larvae in our tanks for longer and just let them settle and grow, then plant those directly out on the reef. That usually gives us even higher survival numbers.鈥�

Soon, RSG will also begin testing 3D-printed materials to create artificial substrates for relocating coral colonies or growing new ones. Essentially, it means creating new reefs to support marine life. And the cool thing is, everyone鈥檚 invited.

鈥淩esearch and tourism can work together, for people and planet alike鈥�

RSG鈥檚 vision is for tourism, conservation and research to co-exist and sustain each other at its destinations. The marine life institute it is building at AMAALA, Corallium, will include a number of visitor experiences alongside its laboratories and rehabilitation centres. Tourists will be encouraged to participate, play and learn.

鈥淲e believe that academic research and tourism can work together, for people and planet alike鈥� says Pagano.

鈥淭he facility goes beyond any existing marine life attraction. It has 10 zones that provide everything from augmented reality experiences to night diving, as well as dedicated spaces for the scientific community to advance research projects.鈥�

Bouwmeester is looking forward to welcoming visitors, too. 鈥淲e want to get them involved,鈥� she says. 鈥淎s soon as people start learning about corals they tend to be a lot more protective of them. In terms of environmental awareness, getting the tourism sector involved with some of our work is extremely important.鈥�

It鈥檚 an optimistic, pragmatic approach to conservation. Hopefully, we can keep learning from the coral, Bouwmeester says.听 鈥淐orals surprise us in a lot of ways,鈥� she says. 鈥淲e know they鈥檙e some of the most sensitive organisms in the world but they do have the ability to bounce back. What we want to do is support that resilience and boost it when we can.鈥�

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Find out more about Red Sea Global at

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The figures are impressive. With 1 per cent of the world鈥檚 population,
Britain carries out 6 per cent of its research, produces 8 per cent of all
science publications and achieves 9 per cent of the citations. We are the most
cost-effective producer of research among the G7 countries. We should take this
broader picture into account when discussing detailed policy concerns, no matter
how justified they are.

As Science Minister I am likely to argue that we are good at science, and
that we must nurture and develop it. But the key policy makers are also well
aware that science is vital to the nation鈥檚 competitiveness. The White Paper on
competitiveness, Creating the Enterprise Centre of Europe, stressed
that, 鈥淪cience, engineering and technology are fundamental to competitiveness .
. . [and] are amongst the UK鈥檚 principal assets鈥�. In his Budget speech, Kenneth
Clarke, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, drew attention to the relatively good
settlement for science, saying: 鈥淲e want to ensure that the British science
research base remains the best in the world, which it certainly is at the
尘辞尘别苍迟.鈥�

The role of government in funding basic and strategic research is at the
heart of this. The nature of such research means that the market will not
operate effectively, since firms are understandably reluctant to support
research where the resulting benefits cannot be captured by an individual body.
Well over 90 per cent of the research funds which flow through the Higher
Education Funding Councils and the research councils support basic and strategic
research and, indeed, some 80 per cent of total government funds for research
and development back such research.

The challenge is to improve the effectiveness of delivery. The Foresight
programme is the key to prioritisation: it brings together business people,
engineers, scientists and government in networks which identify emerging or
longer-term markets and technologies.

The government objective for the next Parliament will be to use Foresight to
build on what we have already achieved. We shall concentrate on generic
priorities in basic and strategic research through the research councils, taking
account of relevance as well as intrinsic merit of science research. Since March
1995, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council has provided
拢330 million for 14 strategic research programmes to take the Foresight
findings forward. We are brigading technology policies under the Foresight
banner. This will help to increase links in Foresight priority areas between
publicly funded science, technology and users. Since March 1995, 15 such new
projects have been announced, worth up to 拢110 million, for LINK
programmes fostering collaboration between academia and industry.

We shall seek to stimulate industry to increase its investment in R&D and
innovation. We are already encouraging firms to improve technology transfer and
exploitation, as well as the skills of their workforce, to meet accelerating
changes in product development. This is done in three ways: first, through the
Department of Trade and Industry鈥檚 International Technology Promoters Scheme,
which fosters collaboration between British and overseas companies; second,
through Postgraduate Training Partnerships encouraging academics to work in
industry; and third, through the portfolio of programmes offered under the
Teaching Company Scheme. Inward R&D investment also plays an important role
in stimulating research attracted to Britain by the strength of our science base
and the relative buoyancy of our economy in the European Union.

A Conservative government will continue to target key sectors through
campaigns such as the Crusade for Biotechnology and the Information Society
Initiative. And we are working on a multidisciplinary project to extend the
quality of active life (EQUAL) of our citizens. The party also recognises the
need to promote dual-use technologies to harness defence research skills in the
civil sector through the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency鈥檚 Dual Use
Technology Centres. We shall ensure participation by Britain鈥檚 researchers in
European Union programmes and influence the Fifth Framework programme due to
start in 1999, to respond to user needs in 鈥減riority鈥� sectors.

These are key policy commitments. To underpin them, our universities need to
produce highly skilled men and women and we need to concentrate research
resources on university departments which have international recognition. In
this, we shall pay close attention to the outcome of the Dearing Review of
Higher Education. We shall work with teachers to enhance the quality of science,
mathematics and technology teaching in schools. Campaigns to improve the public
understanding of science and the Year of Engineering Success are vital. However,
it is important to reassure the public about key ethical issues through bodies
such as the Human Genetics Advisory Commission.

Businesses, universities and public research bodies have distinctive roles.
Through enlightened funding and targeted initiatives, the government can
interconnect them better鈥攏ot by picking winners, but by creating the right
climate in the key areas highlighted by the Foresight exercise. This represents
a coherent strategy for investing in education, scholarship and research, and
stimulating cross-fertilisation with industry.

The government鈥檚 economic management is creating an atmosphere of long-term
economic confidence, as the OECD has recently confirmed. These conditions will
benefit the research community as well as strengthening the culture of
innovation and enterprise.